Throughout the West, fires have
become a dreaded reality. Watching the fires in California, Washington, and Oregon these past few months, one can only
imagine the devastation. It’s one thing for fires to spring up in wilderness
areas; it is quite another for them to devour homes and structures.
But
fires are not a new phenomenon in our area. The Jacksonville, Oregon, newspaper
reported in 1864 that: “during the past few weeks…fires
have been raging with increasing fury.” Fire was a tragic reality in the early days as most settlements went up in smoke quite frequently. Locally there were at least three fires that destroyed the small western towns in northern California.
Historically,
fires that erupt in July and August often burn or smolder until October or
November rains extinguish them. It’s also important to note that the northern California tribes, such as the Shasta,
Karuk, Tolowa, Takelma, Yurok and others, used fires routinely to open up stands
of oak, collect insects, fungi, or acorns, or even to clear regions for travel or
settlement, and, perhaps most common, to improve habitat for game animals. The fires they lit occurred
in the fall and were allowed to burn. Many early settlers, as well as tribes,
disagreed with the policy of fighting fires—a policy that continues to be a
matter of controversy.
Early ranchers, who learned from the tribes, also incorporated fires in their management practices of the land, the forests, the grasslands: one old-timer told me that as his grandfather and other ranchers pushed cows across the hills and through the upper mountain ranges, they would light the grassland here, there, and everywhere, and always in the fall, just before the rains so that the fires never got out of control. In those days, the underbrush was burned off, even in the years of drought. Indeed, the 1920s were considered some of the worst years for drought in the West, as were the '30s.
Suppression
of fires began in 1906 with the creation of the federal forest “reserves” –
later to be renamed the U.S. Forest Service. It’s interesting that in our area, many fires are the result of lightning rather than human activity, although fire suppression efforts have been noted to have added to the fire danger. There were a number of large, lightning-caused fires in the early decades of the twentieth century; locals, as well as the limited forest rangers, fought the fire as best they could. In the 1930s, the CCCs were also employed as fire fighters.
Fire lookouts were established as a means of monitoring the forestlands and these lookouts were important in locating fires before they grew in size. One important early lookout "ranger" was Hallie Daggett, daughter of John Daggett (who was not only a successful miner but became Superintendent of the San Francisco Mint in the early 1900s and Lieutenant-Governor of California). Hallie, hired in 1905, was the first woman lookout in the United States and served every summer for 13 years.
Two
years, 1956 and 1987, were labeled extreme fire years in northern California, and occurred during
a long dry period coupled with frequent lightning strikes. More than 100,000
acres were burned during those two fire years. The
fire of 1987 did not begin dramatically, but was sparked by dry lightning
storms. In southwest
Oregon, in 1987, more than 1,600 lightning strikes occurred during a
twelve-hour period in August. The result: more than 600 fires were ignited.
Northern California was literally submerged beneath a wall of darkness. City street lights stayed
on day and night. Temperatures began to drop because sunlight could not
penetrate the heavy, ash-filled smoke. People with allergies and lung
conditions were asked to leave the area. Others wore masks to keep the large
particles of ash and debris out of their mouths and lungs.
Much
of the smoke from the towering plumes, because of the height of the Marble
Mountains and blustering winds, were swept out of our own Scott Valley, located near the Oregon border. But even with
less smoke, the sun, when visible, shone through as a brilliant, deep red-gold. The small, local airport became a mini-city with blazing lights, helicopters, and
fire-fighting aircraft coming and going at all hours.
After
more than two months of battling nature and spending millions of dollars, the last
of the fires were put out. This, however, was not achieved by man’s efforts,
but by the winter rains that arrived mid-November. In all, the fire of 1987
scorched 260,000 acres, making it the largest and costliest fire (at the time)
in the history of Northern California and the Klamath National Forest. The fire
cost more than 480 million in suppression efforts and employed 10,000 people.
The Klamath Complex Fire in 2008
burned over 190,000 acres and was made up of three major fires, the Panther
& North Ukonom fires, the Bear Wallow Complex Fire (Anthony Milne, Caribou,
& South Ukonom fires) and Siskiyou/Blue 2 Complex fires. Located 20 miles
southwest from Happy Camp, the Siskiyou Complex didn’t immediately threaten structures
or private land.
Of course the last few years have continued to rank as some of the most dangerous years
for fire. The results: the loss of thousands and thousands
of timberland as well as homes, buildings, and even lives...
Research
reveals that when fires are more frequent, they are less disastrous and
relatively small and “patchy,” while less frequent fires are often larger and
more devastating. Sadly, according to a 1984 study of fire
history, “In spite of [all the] dozers, tank trucks, helicopters and
air tankers, fires continue to become larger and larger, doing great damage to the natural
resources.”
Interestingly, the Forest Service has once more adjusted its fire repression and fire prevention policies; the old ways are once more being recognized as a good way of dealing with the increased fuel loads found in the forests and grasslands. Like the tribes who lived for centuries throughout the area, small ground fires provide one important deterrent to the raging infernos that are otherwise created by the overgrowth of dry matter.
The devastation that this year’s fires have again produced makes one realize
the frightening results of fire. No doubt all of us will continue to feel the
consequences these fires have reaped.
