Prairie Rose Publications: coffee

What’s the first thing you do every morning? Me? Coffee! Before I can even consider doing anything else, I pour my first cup of steaming, fragrant brew. After nearly 40 years, my husband knows not to talk to me before I’ve had my first cup—I wouldn’t remember what he said anyway.

I started drinking coffee when I was very young. My first memories are sitting down with my Granddaddy Thrailkill and sharing a cup. Of course, mine was a cup of milk with just enough coffee to tint it a bit and his was black as pitch. But that didn’t matter to me: I was drinking coffee.

Coffee has been around a long time. From the legend of the caffeine-hyped goats in Ethopia in the 1400s, to monks drinking the brew to stay awake for evening prayers, to the fashionable of London visiting one of the 300 coffee houses in the mid-17^th century, coffee is a permanent part of all cultures around the world.

Many times through the centuries, governments and clergymen have tried to ban coffee with little success. Mecca, Italy, Constantinople (Istanbul), even Prussia, where Frederick the Great tried to convince the populace that beer was a better choice for breakfast.

The Dutch brought coffee to New Amsterdam (New York) in the 1600s. After the “tea party” held in Boston Harbor, coffee became the American beverage of choice.

Coffee is said to have fueled the American Civil War. Soldiers wrote in their diaries of their need for their morning cup more often than they did rifles, cannons, or bullets. Men ground their own beans and brewed coffee in little pots call muckets. Some carbines even had built-in grinders so the soldier never went without.

There’s even a statue to coffee. At Antietam in September of 1862 19-year-old William McKinley made the most unlikely coffee run ever, dodging through heavy Confederate fire to deliver vats of coffee to the Union troops. No wonder he was elected president thirty-five years later.

Ah, that fabulous brew. Love it or hate it, it’s fully entrenched in our lives and in our kitchens.

Tracy

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CHOCOLATE AND OTHER PLEASURES by Elizabeth Clements

Have you ever leafed through a cookbook, searching for a new recipe, then stood in front of your pantry, frustrated at being short a few uncommon ingredients? So, back to the same old tried and true. And that’s when I mentally slap myself up the side of my head, reminding myself to be grateful that I am in the present day, not in the old west, heating up a can of beans over a small campfire. If I planned well, I might also have had some beef jerky and even a dried-up biscuit that I could wash down with strong, black coffee. Coffee was quite a staple in the old west, and even when consumed black, still tasted better than the warm, brackish water in the cowboy’s canteen.

Coffee can be traced back at least to the 15^th century. One legend attributes the discovery of coffee to a goat herder in Yemen. He noticed his goats being unusually frisky after eating berries from one of the trees. After consuming some of the beans, he, too, was energized. He brought the beans to his superiors at the monastery. The abbot boiled the berries and after consuming the drink, was alert for hours, even through evening prayers. He shared this discovery with the other monks and over the next two centuries, the benefits of coffee consumption was enjoyed throughout the middle East.

It was served in coffee houses where people socialized and enjoyed entertainment. These gahveh khaneh became such important gathering places and exchanges of information that they were often referred to as Schools of the Wise. Pilgrims to the holy city of Mecca talked of this wine of Araby when they returned home from their travels. Thus, the news spread even further.

By the 17th century, coffee arrived in Europe. When it reached Venice in 1615, not everyone welcomed the drink. The clergy demanded that Pope Clement VIII ban this bitter invention of Satan. Being a wise man, he tasted it first, liked it, and to the consternation of the clergy, gave coffee his papal approval.

In England penny universities sprang up, so called because for the price of a penny one could purchase a cup of coffee and engage in stimulating conversation. Up until then, beer and wine were the prevalent breakfast drink, but gradually they were replaced by coffee when consumers realized they could function better without starting their day fuzzy-headed with alcohol.

As the popularity of coffee grew in London, savvy business owners brought coffee to America in the mid-1600’s. It had to compete with the preferred drink, tea, until King George III levied such high taxes on tea that the colonists revolted with the now famous Boston Tea Party.

The Dutch are credited for being the first to obtain coffee seedlings and growing them outside of Arabia, with increased success on the Island of Java. In 1714, the Mayor of Amsterdam gave a coffee plant seedling to King Louis XIV. A few years later, Gabriel de Clieu stole a seedling from the King’s botanical garden and brought the coffee plant to Martinique. The seedling thrived and 50 years later there were over 18 million coffee trees on the island.

People from all walks of life brought coffee seeds with them in their travels and established plantations in new lands. By the end of the 18th century, coffee had become one of the world's most profitable export crops. After crude oil, coffee is the most sought commodity in the world.

The other night I watched a movie that actually triggered the idea for this blog. In one scene, poor, immigrant homesteaders were given an orange by a friendly neighbor. The orange passed from hand to hand, each person just caressing it and holding it to their nose. Then the orange was carefully peeled, broken into sections, and two given to each person.

Oh, the joy and wonder on their faces as their tongue savored the juicy sweetness, probably for the very first time. It was slowly chewed, enjoyed with a reverence that squeezed my heart. (I love oranges best when they’ve been chilled straight from the fridge.) Yet, in the old west, fresh fruit was harder to come by, if at all, or too expensive for most pockets except the wealthy. This point was well made in another movie where even the shopkeeper couldn’t afford to eat the oranges he sold.

Here’s a short history about my favorite variety, the navel orange.These oranges are called Ambersweets. (Picture by Wikipedia)

In the 1850’s, in Brazil, a tree growing in a monastery garden was making very odd fruit. Inside each orange skin there was a large orange with no seeds. At the bottom of the orange were smaller sections that looked like a smaller squashed orange inside the same skin, which was really the bigger orange's twin. The little orange made a strange bump at the bottom of the orange skin, that looked just like a human navel or belly button. These oranges were named "Navel Oranges". They tasted very sweet, had no seeds and they peeled quite easily. This made them a very good orange to grow commercially. But they could not grow from seed. They could only grow from plant cuttings. Nowadays, thousands of these orange trees have been planted from cuttings. "Navel Oranges" are grown in California and exported to many countries of the world. Every navel orange in the world has the same genetic make up as the oranges on that tree in the monastery in Brazil.

I remember in Grade Five history class reading how the sailors, spending weeks on the ocean, suffered from scurvy for lack of fresh fruit. The water in those oak barrels must have become quite disgusting with time. Perhaps that’s why so many sailors drank rum to help offset the taste. Just like in westerns, the men ask for whiskey, never water, when they belly up to the bar.

Talking about sailors triggers thoughts of explorers of the high seas. Thanks to them mistakenly sailing west in search of spices, silver and gold, explorers discovered America and introduced a new rage to Europe in the early 1500’s: hot chocolate.

There is some confusion by historians over who first introduced chocolate to Europe. Some credit Christopher Columbus of having intercepted a trade ship and brought cacao beans to Spain in 1502. Others say it was Hernán Cortés who met with an Aztec emperor and was served a bitter ceremonial brew made from cacao seeds.

Fermented beverages made from the cacao bean date back to 450 BC Mesoamerica (present-day Mexico). Theobroma cacao is Latin for the cacao tree, which means food of the gods. The cacao tree produces the bean, and anything made from the bean is called chocolate. Research shows the word chocolate originates from the Aztec word xocoatl, which means a bitter drink. It was brewed from cacao beans. (I can’t help noting how the two words sound so similar: xocoatl and chocolate).

“The Aztecs believed that cacao seeds were the gift of Quetzalcoatl, the god of wisdom, and the seeds once had so much value that they were used as a form of currency.”

The ancient Olmec civilization of southern Mexico can quite possibly be credited as having invented the chocolate drink dating back to 1500 B.C. The Olmec left no written history, so it can only be assumed this bitter drink continued through the centuries because it was reserved for ceremonial rites and medicinal healing.

When archaeologists unearthed Olmec containers and had them analyzed, traces of theobromine, a stimulant compound found in chocolate and tea, were found in the pots.

“Centuries later, the Mayans praised chocolate as the drink of the gods. Mayan chocolate was a revered brew made of roasted and ground cacao seeds mixed with chillies, water, and cornmeal. Mayans poured this mixture from one pot to another, creating a thick foamy beverage called xocolatl, meaning bitter water.”

By the 15th century, the Aztecs used cocoa beans as currency. They believed that chocolate was a gift from the god Quetzalcoatl, and drank it as a refreshing beverage, an aphrodisiac, and even to prepare for war.

Therefore, when that Aztec emperor honored Cortés by serving him with this food of the gods, Cortés must have seen this revered drink as a lucrative venture and he reportedly brought it to Spain in 1528. The Spanish found the fermented brew too bitter, but by adding sugar and/or honey, it was quite pleasing to the palate—but only the wealthy could afford to purchase the beans. Even Catholic monks enjoyed the beverage and used it in their rituals.

The Spanish managed to keep chocolate a well-kept secret for nearly a century until the daughter of the Spanish king married Louis XIII of France. Princess Anne loved the drink and brought it with her to the French court. It didn’t take long for the craze for chocolate to reach England, where it was offered at special chocolate houses for the English aristocracy.

In 1828, the invention of the chocolate press revolutionized chocolate making. This innovative device could squeeze cocoa butter from roasted cacao beans, leaving a fine cocoa powder behind. The powder was then mixed with liquids and poured into a mold, where it solidified into an edible bar of chocolate.

And thus, the chocolate bar as we enjoy it today, was created.

Over the decades, variations of chocolate were introduced by creative confectioners, particularly the Swiss. There is milk chocolate, dark chocolate, baking chocolate, semi-sweet and bittersweet chocolate, white chocolate and even raw chocolate, compound chocolate and modeling chocolate.

Much of today’s chocolate is criticized for being unhealthy because of the ingredients, but dark chocolate is considered to be an antioxidant-rich, heart-healthy treat.

It is estimated that $75 billion is spent annually worldwide on chocolate and that Americans consume 12 pounds of this tasty treat yearly. I bet some chocolate lovers eat more than 12 pounds—and that’s not including hot chocolate. <grin>

With all this talk of chocolate, I now want some, too. And the Halloween bars are all gone. Oh, did I mention chocolate tastes divine in coffee?

For further reading about the addictive history of chocolate, try these links: https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-americas/history-of-chocolate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_chocolate

https://www.chocolate.org/blogs/chocolate-blog/a-brief-history-of-chocolate

Excerpt: Beneath A Desperado Moon

Josh carried the supplies into the lean-to, then leading his horse behind him through the moonlight, headed toward their cave. Molly ran to meet him, leaped into his arms and covered his face with kisses.

“Bloody hell, maybe I should leave more often.” She stuck out her tongue and he laughed. “Sorry, I don’t really mean that. I worry about you when you’re out of my sight. I want to get you away from here.”

“I know you do, Josh.” With one arm still around her, he turned toward his horse, opened a saddlebag, and dug out something wrapped in paper. “Here’s something for you, my sweet.”

“A gift?” Her heart lifted, touched more by the endearment than the secrets hiding inside the parcel. “What is it?”

He chuckled. “Open it and find out.”

She tore at the paper. The scent hit her first, sweet to the nose. Then her mouth watered. And still she didn’t know what it was. She’d never seen anything like it before. Something dark. “What is it?”

“You really don’t know?” His voice echoed his amazement. He took the packet from her, broke off a piece and held it to her lips. “Open wide. Chocolate. Swiss chocolate.”

Smiling, she opened her mouth. The instant the chocolate touched her tongue, her starved taste buds shot to clamoring life. The crispness soon melted, filling her mouth with soft, delicious sweetness. She moaned her pleasure.

“Swallow. There’s more, Sweeting. Lot’s more.” Josh couldn’t take his eyes off the pleasure spreading her lips into a wide smile. The way her eyes sparkled. It reminded him of how she looked when making love. Her tongued slipped out and swept across her bottom lip, then the top.

He wanted to taste her, lay her down on the blankets and love her senseless. From the tightening of his pants, another part of him eagerly agreed. Yet, he put his anticipation aside, not wishing to interrupt her sensual enjoyment of the chocolate.

He broke off another small piece, wanting to prolong their mutual pleasure—she eating, and he, watching her enchantment. The pressure grew inside him, wanting her, needing her. He placed another piece against her lips. She took it from him and pressed it against his. “I want you to have some, too.”

“I’d rather have you.” Chocolate melted against his lips. He obliged, but refused any more. “This is for you. I’ve had it often growing up.”

“Yes, it must be nice being rich,” she said with a dreamy smile, savoring one more piece. Then, with a sigh, she folded up the paper and tucked it into her shirt pocket. “I’ll save some for later.”

He liked this trait in her. Not selfish, grasping, greedy. A memory from childhood slipped in—sitting underneath the huge Christmas tree in the great hall. Sharing bonbons with an enchanting girl with long, golden hair. How her blue eyes had lit with delight. And how, quickly, she’d consumed one after another, then dashed away with the rest. And later, he’d learned Phaedra had eaten too many in bed and become violently sick.

“What is it? You’ve grown so still.”

A soft touch on his arm shook him from his reverie. He looked down, confused for a moment by the upturned face, concerned cinnamon brown eyes gleaming in the moonlight. Desperate to erase that childhood memory, he cupped Molly’s face and kissed her.

Ah, yes, so much better. Chocolate sweetness seduced his senses. He drew her against him. “You’re like that chocolate. Sweet and enticing. Bewitching.”